имя существительное 1) [философия] монада 2) [химия] одновалентный элемент 3) [биология] одноклеточный организм
noun Etymology: Late Latin monad-, monas, from Greek, from monos 1. a. unit, one b. atom 1 c. an elementary individual substance which reflects the order of the world and from which material properties are derived 2. a flagellated protozoan (as of the genus Monas) • monadic adjective • monadism noun
/mo'nad/ A technique from category theory which has been adopted as a way of dealing with state in functional programming languages in such a way that the details of the state are hidden or abstracted out of code that merely passes it on unchanged. A monad has three components: a means of augmenting an existing type, a means of creating a default value of this new type from a value of the original type, and a replacement for the basic application operator for the old type that works with the new type. The alternative to passing state via a monad is to add an extra argument and return value to many functions which have no interest in that state. Monads can encapsulate state, side effects, exception handling, global data, etc. in a purely lazily functional way. Monads are a powerful tool in functional programming. If a program is written using a monad to pass around a variable (like the state in the example above) then it is easy to change what is passed around simply by changing the monad. Only the parts of the program which deal directly with the quantity concerned need be altered, parts which merely pass it on unchanged will stay the same.