Cryptanalysis

noun 1. the solving of cryptograms or cryptographic systems 2. the theory of solving cryptograms or cryptographic systems; the art of devising methods for cryptanalysis • cryptanalytic also cryptanalytical adjective

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary

Cryptanalysis

The branch of cryptography concerned with decoding encrypted messages when you're not supposed to be able to.

Free Online Dictionary of Computing